Protein microarrays guide tolerizing DNA vaccine treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis

William H Robinson^{1, 2, 3, 4}, Paulo Fontoura¹, Byung J Lee^{1, 2}, Henry E Neuman de Vegvar^{1, 3}, Jennifer Tom^{1, 2}, Rosetta Pedotti¹, Carla D DiGennaro^{1, 2}, Dennis J Mitchell¹, Derek Fong^{1, 2}, Peggy P-K Ho¹, Pedro J Ruiz¹, Emanual Maverakis⁵, David B Stevens⁶, Claude C A Bernard⁷, Roland Martin⁸, Vijay K Kuchroo⁹, Johannes M van Noort¹⁰, Claude P Genain¹¹, Sandra Amor¹², Tomas Olsson¹³, Paul J Utz^{2, 4, 14}, Hideki Garren^{4, 14} & Lawrence Steinman^{1, 4, 14}
The diversity of autoimmune responses poses a formidable challenge to the development of antigen-specific tolerizing therapy. We developed 'myelin proteome' microarrays to profile the evolution of autoantibody responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Increased diversity of autoantibody responses in acute EAE predicted a more severe clinical course. Chronic EAE was associated with previously undescribed extensive intra- and intermolecular epitope spreading of autoreactive B-cell responses. Array analysis of autoantigens targeted in acute EAE was used to guide the choice of autoantigen cDNAs to be incorporated into expression plasmids so as to generate tolerizing vaccines. Tolerizing DNA vaccines encoding a greater number of array-determined myelin targets proved superior in treating established EAE and reduced epitope spreading of autoreactive B-cell responses. Proteomic monitoring of autoantibody responses provides a useful approach to monitor autoimmune disease and to develop and tailor disease- and patient-specific tolerizing DNA vaccines.