热门: 生物工程 生物技术 生物科学 高中生物 微生物 海洋生物 生物学 细胞
中文摘要：
主要概括磷酸酶的种类，原核细胞磷酸组氨酸生物功能及调控，哺乳动物组氨酸残基磷酸化、去磷酸化，以及组氨酸磷酸酶及其底物的最新研究进展. 信号转导在生长发育及细胞功能中起极其重要的作用. 无论在原核还是真核细胞，蛋白质磷酸化是细胞内信号转导的关键机制. 研究最多的可逆的真核蛋白磷酸化，主要发生在含有羟基的丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基上. 不同的激酶和磷酸酶受不同机制的调节，而调节过程中出现的差异是人类很多疾病的潜在基础. 与大量有关羟基磷酸化氨基酸的报道相比，有关氨基磷酸化氨基酸的报道甚少. 据估计，自然界中存在的磷酸组氨酸比磷酸酪氨酸多10 ~ 100倍，但不如磷酸丝氨酸丰富. 虽然对脊椎动物蛋白质中存在磷酸组氨酸的认识可以追溯到20世纪60年代初, 但由于研究手段的限制，至今对脊椎动物蛋白组氨酸激酶及组氨酸磷酸酶的结构及功能知之甚少. 但是，近几年的研究有突破性的发现，克隆和重组表达哺乳动物组氨酸磷酸酶为研究氨基磷酸化氨基酸的生物功能翻开新的一章.
英文摘要：
Signal transduction is vitally important for development and cell survival of all animals. Most of signaling processes involve phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of amino acid residues in proteins. The kinases and phosphatases involved in signaling processes are regulated by different mechanisms. So far, the studies on protein phosphorylation almost exclusively limited to protein serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphorylation of histidine has only been sparsely reported. However, phosphorylation of histidine residues has been extensively studied in prokaryotes. It is estimated that histidine phosphorylation may account for 6% of total protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes, 10- to-100-fold more than phosphotyrosine, though less abundant than phosphoserine. Although the presence of phosphohistidine in vertebrate protein was described as early as in the 1960s, accumulated knowledge in vertebrates so far is still limited to O-phosphates. The protein phosphatases were introduced, and the knowledge on the key mechanisms of the bacterial two-component system was summarized. Most importantly, novel mechanisms of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histidine residues are described. Finally, the recent studies about histidine phosphatases are discussed.